Basic and Clinical Sciences (BCSE) Practice Exam

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the condition that affects 40-50% of lifelong smokers. This is primarily due to the cumulative effects of smoking on lung tissue over time, leading to progressive airflow limitation. COPD encompasses two main conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of the alveoli, resulting in reduced gas exchange and difficulty in breathing, while chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, accompanied by a cough and sputum production.

The high prevalence of COPD among smokers is a consequence of long-term exposure to cigarette smoke, which contains numerous harmful substances that contribute to airway inflammation and lung tissue damage. The statistics reflect the significant health burden of COPD in the smoking population, highlighting the risks associated with tobacco use.

While bronchial asthma is a common condition, it does not have the same strong correlation with smoking as COPD. Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs and does not have a chronic relationship with smoking. Interstitial lung disease involves scarring of lung tissue and can be caused by various factors, but it is less specifically linked to a history of smoking compared to COPD.